本人笔记本电脑为ThinkPad T480，从Fedora 35一直持续升级到Fedora 43，今天继续实战操作升级Fedora 44。.
现有的Fedora 43系统情况如下：
hinkpad-t480 :: ~ » neofetch
.',;::::;,'. yijunzhao@thinkpad-t480
.';:cccccccccccc:;,. -----------------------
.;cccccccccccccccccccccc;. OS: Fedora Linux 43 (Workstation Edition) x86_64
.:cccccccccccccccccccccccccc:. Host: 20L5A00YHK ThinkPad T480
.;ccccccccccccc;.:dddl:.;ccccccc;. Kernel: 6.19.14-200.fc43.x86_64
.:ccccccccccccc;OWMKOOXMWd;ccccccc:. Uptime: 22 mins
.:ccccccccccccc;KMMc;cc;xMMc:ccccccc:. Packages: 4180 (rpm)
,cccccccccccccc;MMM.;cc;;WW::cccccccc, Shell: zsh 5.9
:cccccccccccccc;MMM.;cccccccccccccccc: Resolution: 1920x1080
:ccccccc;oxOOOo;MMM0OOk.;cccccccccccc: DE: Plasma 6.6.4
cccccc:0MMKxdd:;MMMkddc.;cccccccccccc; WM: kwin
ccccc:XM0';cccc;MMM.;cccccccccccccccc' Theme: Breeze Light [Plasma], Breeze [GTK2/3]
ccccc;MMo;ccccc;MMW.;ccccccccccccccc; Icons: breeze [Plasma], breeze [GTK2/3]
ccccc;0MNc.ccc.xMMd:ccccccccccccccc; Terminal: gnome-terminal
cccccc;dNMWXXXWM0::cccccccccccccc:, CPU: Intel i7-8550U (8) @ 4.000GHz
cccccccc;.:odl:.;cccccccccccccc:,. GPU: Intel Kaby Lake-R GT2 [UHD Graphics 620]
:cccccccccccccccccccccccccccc:'. GPU: NVIDIA GeForce MX150
.:cccccccccccccccccccccc:;,.. Memory: 4013MiB / 15873MiB
'::cccccccccccccc::;,.
KDE桌面环境下的笔记本配置截图
本文的教程参照Fedora官网的英文升级说明https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/quick-docs/upgrading-fedora-offline/ 所有操作都是个人笔记本实战操作，同时也会把遇到的问题记录下来。
1.系统升级到最新状态
sudo dnf upgrade --refresh2.下载Fedora 44升级包
sudo dnf system-upgrade download --releasever=44在命令过程过程中家里的WiFi不稳定，下载一点就进度不动了，因此我用了Ctrl+C停止，再次使用如上的命就报错
Problem 1: installed package kdelibs-webkit-6:4.14.38-49.fc43.x86_64 requires kdelibs(x86-64) = 6:4.14.38-49.fc43, but none of the providers can be installed
- kdelibs-6:4.14.38-49.fc43.x86_64 does not belong to a distupgrade repository
- problem with installed package
Problem 2: problem with installed package
- package sddm-wayland-miriway-26.01-1.fc44.noarch from fedora conflicts with sddm-greeter-displayserver provided by sddm-wayland-plasma-6.6.4-1.fc44.noarch from fedora
- sddm-wayland-plasma-6.6.4-1.fc43.noarch does not belong to a distupgrade repository
- conflicting requests
你可以尝试添加到命令行中:
--allowerasing 允许删除和安装软件包来解决问题
按照提示更换了命令，正常继续
sudo dnf system-upgrade download --releasever=44 --allowerasing由于我使用Fedora安装了很多软件，所以提示下载7GB文件，每个人的升级包下载大小不同。
Transaction Summary:
Installing: 218 packages
Upgrading: 4075 packages
Replacing: 4097 packages
Removing: 2 packages
Downgrading: 6 packages
本次要处理的软件包总大小为 7 GiB. 还需下载 7 GiB。
此次操作完成之后，908 MiB 额外的空间被使用 (安装 20 GiB, 删除 20 GiB)。3.确认导入新的GPG密钥
离线事务测试中
导入 OpenPGP 密钥 0x6D9F90A6:
用户ID : "Fedora (44) <fedora-44-primary@fedoraproject.org>"
指纹 : 36F612DCF27F7D1A48A835E4DBFCF71C6D9F90A6
来源 : file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-fedora-44-x86_64
Is this ok [y/N]: y
该密钥成功导入。4 准备重启升级
rpm包下载后离线事物测试完成
[4299/4299] Total 100% | 0.0 B/s | 0.0 B | 00m27s
离线事务测试中
已经存储的事务可以离线执行。运行 "dnf5 offline reboot" 以重新启动并运行事务。若要取消事务并删除已下载的文件，须使用 "dnf5 offline clean" 命令。
完成！按照提示运行重启命令
sudo dnf5 offline reboot5 电脑重启后升级过程
电脑重启后开始升级，请耐心等待，升级过程大概20-30分钟，根据下载升级包的大小、电脑配置差异升级过程时间有所不同。
6 完成升级后重启，升级Fedora 44成功
yijunzhao@thinkpad-t480 ~ neofetch
.',;::::;,'. yijunzhao@thinkpad-t480
.';:cccccccccccc:;,. -----------------------
.;cccccccccccccccccccccc;. OS: Fedora Linux 44 (Workstation Edition) x86_64
.:cccccccccccccccccccccccccc:. Host: 20L5A00YHK ThinkPad T480
.;ccccccccccccc;.:dddl:.;ccccccc;. Kernel: 6.19.14-300.fc44.x86_64
.:ccccccccccccc;OWMKOOXMWd;ccccccc:. Uptime: 4 mins
.:ccccccccccccc;KMMc;cc;xMMc:ccccccc:. Packages: 4381 (rpm)
,cccccccccccccc;MMM.;cc;;WW::cccccccc, Shell: zsh 5.9
:cccccccccccccc;MMM.;cccccccccccccccc: Resolution: 1920x1080
:ccccccc;oxOOOo;MMM0OOk.;cccccccccccc: DE: Plasma 6.6.4
cccccc:0MMKxdd:;MMMkddc.;cccccccccccc; WM: kwin
ccccc:XM0';cccc;MMM.;cccccccccccccccc' Theme: Breeze Light [Plasma], Breeze [GTK2/3]
ccccc;MMo;ccccc;MMW.;ccccccccccccccc; Icons: breeze [Plasma], breeze [GTK2/3]
ccccc;0MNc.ccc.xMMd:ccccccccccccccc; Terminal: gnome-terminal
cccccc;dNMWXXXWM0::cccccccccccccc:, CPU: Intel i7-8550U (8) @ 4.000GHz
cccccccc;.:odl:.;cccccccccccccc:,. GPU: Intel Kaby Lake-R GT2 [UHD Graphics 620]
:cccccccccccccccccccccccccccc:'. GPU: NVIDIA GeForce MX150
.:cccccccccccccccccccccc:;,.. Memory: 3507MiB / 15874MiB
'::cccccccccccccc::;,.KDE Plasma 6.6.4
Gnome 50
7 升级磁盘空间不足处理
我的笔记本电脑下载Fedora 44的升级包有6.8GB，下载后升级提示根目录空间不足，所以要考虑清理部分空间处理。
Fedora 44使用DNF5,下载的升级包路径在/usr/lib/sysimage/libdnf5/offline，将其迁移到别的分区/opt（我笔记本电脑为/opt单独创建的独立分区）
#创建转移的新目录
sudo mkdir -p /opt/upgrade-cache/offline
#拷贝转移升级包文件
sudo cp -a /usr/lib/sysimage/libdnf5/offline/* /opt/upgrade-cache/offline/
#删除原有升级包文件
sudo rm -rf /usr/lib/sysimage/libdnf5/offline/*把绑定挂载写入 /etc/fstab，让它在系统启动的最早阶段就生效，这样离线升级就能找到包，否则系统重启后无法找到新的下载包位置
# 假设你的包备份在 /opt/upgrade-cache/offline
# 先确保这个目录存在并且里面有包
ls /opt/upgrade-cache/offline/packages/
# 写入 fstab（让绑定挂载在重启后仍然有效）
echo "/opt/upgrade-cache/offline /usr/lib/sysimage/libdnf5/offline none bind 0 0" | sudo tee -a /etc/fstab
# 立刻挂载验证
sudo mount -a
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
ls /usr/lib/sysimage/libdnf5/offline/packages/ # 确认能看到包然后继续执行即可
sudo dnf5 system-upgrade download --releasever=44
sudo dnf offline reboot待升级完成后，特别注意要将挂载点关闭，/etc/fstab对应的注释或删除
#remove upgrade files
#/opt/upgrade-cache/offline /usr/lib/sysimage/libdnf5/offline none bind 0 0同时删除原来转移的目录路径
sudo rm -rf /opt/upgrade-cache